Het libertarische betoog voor immigratierestricties dat Henri Serton en ikzelf eind vorige week publiceerden heeft inmiddels tot enkele interessante discussies geleid. Aan die discussies hebben wij allebei actief deelgenomen, om waar nodig vragen te beantwoorden, onze positie te verduidelijken, of om onze standpunten te verdedigen tegen kritiek. Ik moet zeggen—en daarbij spreek ik uitsluitend voor mijzelf—dat ik tot nu toe geen overtuigende kritiek heb gelezen. De diverse libertarische pleitbezorgers van ‘open grenzen’ die moeite hebben met ons standpunt falen ofwel om onze punten daadwerkelijk te weerleggen, ofwel zij lezen ons betoog verkeerd en concluderen vervolgens dat wij tegen vrijwel alle immigratie zijn. Dat is jammer, maar het is hoe dan ook goed dat de discussie wordt gevoerd.
Inmiddels heeft Imre Wessels een 'tegenartikel' geschreven, waarin hij poogt de juistheid van onze positie te weerleggen. In mijn opinie slaagt hij daar niet in. Hij gaat op een significant deel van onze argumentatie eenvoudigweg niet in, en hij ageert herhaaldelijk tegen standpunten die wij helemaal niet hebben ingenomen. Ik zou graag geloven dat dit geheel berust op toeval, maar dhr. Wessels is de discussie al eerder met mij aangegaan naar aanleiding van het betoog dat Henri en ik hebben geschreven. Toen negeerde hij óók grote delen van onze argumentatie, en voerde hij óók stropopredeneringen op. Toen ik hem daarop wees volhardde hij daar helaas in. Desalniettemin neem ik graag de gelegenheid om op zijn ‘tegenartikel’ in te gaan. Al is het maar om omissies en stropoppen aan te wijzen, en redeneerfouten aan het licht te brengen.
dinsdag 15 september 2015
zaterdag 12 september 2015
Een libertarisch betoog voor immigratiebeperkingen
Binnen het libertarisme bestaan diverse 'hete hangijzers'
waarover libertariërs het onderling niet eens zijn. Eén van die onderwerpen is
het immigratievraagstuk. Voluntaristische libertariërs zijn het erover eens dat
de ideale situatie zou zijn dat alle grond in privé-bezit is; dat eigenaren
zelf bepalen wie zij op hun terrein dulden, en onder welke voorwaarden. In die
situatie leven wij vandaag de dag echter niet, en libertariërs zullen moeten
omgaan met de huidige praktijk. Henri Serton en ikzelf betogen dat immigratierestricties in de huidige situatie heel goed
te verantwoorden zijn vanuit libertarisch perspectief.
We leven als libertariërs niet in de vrije samenleving die
we ons zouden wensen. De libertarische filosofie moet hier en nu
toegepast worden. We kunnen de huidige staat niet wegdenken. We moeten derhalve
kiezen voor beleid dat de implementatie van het libertarisme op de lange duur
ten goede komt. Het streven is altijd om een zo vrij mogelijke gemeenschap te
creëren. Dit geldt ook voor het vraagstuk van immigratie en grenzen.
Libertarische pleitbezorgers van 'open grenzen' spannen echter het paard achter
de wagen. Ze passen de regels van een vrije samenleving toe op de onvrije situatie
waarin wij leven, en scheppen daarmee ruimte voor stelselmatige
rechtenschendingen.
maandag 7 september 2015
Kurds, Turks and the importance of secession
It is my conviction that any sensible freedom-loving individual ought to be, by definition, a proponent of secession in all circumstances. Indeed, many classical liberals and libertarians of note have argued as much. I find it astaunding that there are self-styled 'libertarians' and 'classical liberals' who are opposed to secession in some or all cases. Something that just recently struck my as truly bizarre is the reaction of some people in egards to Turkish government aggression towards Kurdish secessionists. That is to say: there are people involved in the liberty movement with such a weak grasp of basic economic concepts and such a shocking lack of historical perspective that they will happily side with the imperialist Turkish regime when it comes to the Kurdish struggle for independence... "because the PKK is communist!"
Maybe an elementary lesson in history would benefit them. One might consider, for instance, that if Turkey had let the Kurds go on their merry way to indepence long ago, the communist revolutionary nonsense would never have had any appeal to the Kurds at all. Beyond that, it's a simple fact that the Kurds (who have no ethnic or linguistic relation to the Turks) don't want to be a part of Turkey. Even if they want to be communist (and I wouldn't advise it), it's still their own damn business. Turkey has occupied Kurdish land for far too long, and putting an end to that immoral occupation is simply a matter of respecting the fundamental right to self-determination.
This whole mess is the fault of Turkish imperialism in the first place. Personally, I remain convinced that at the end of World War One, both the Kurdish areas in the east of Anatolia and the Greek areas in the west ought to have been freed from Turkish rule. Instead, the Turks were allowed to continue to oppress the Kurdish people, and even to expell the Hellenes from Anatolia (where they had lived for thousands of years, long before the invading Turkish hordes ever stirred from their barbarian tents in East Asia). Civilised people ought to condemn these mistakes of history, as well as the sorry situation that has emerged as their result. Civilised people ought to support a free Kurdistan, and perhaps—just perhaps—they ought to give some consideration to the question wether the world would not be better off if 'Istanbul' would still be known as 'Constantinople'.
History clearly condemns the Turkish state, and puts the Kurds in the right. Yet even if one ignores all this, the secession of the Kurdish regions of Anatolia would still be a very good idea. Secession is always desirable, because it always improves the situation. This has been explained perfectly by professor Hans-Hermann Hoppe, who should perhaps be considered the greatest living thinker within the liberty movement. Writes Hoppe:
That is to say: as long as the Turkish regime (or any regime) forcibly keeps the Kurdish people (or any unwilling people) enchained within the confines of its imperialist state, that state will suffer from internal strife. This benefits absolutely no-one, and as the conflict escales, it will actually demand a very high toll; in lives, in freedoms, and (if one is heartless and does not care for life or liberty) in wealth. Constantly fighting an internal war costs a lot. By allowing the unwilling people to secede, relations can be normalised, costs can be avoided, and profitable trade relations can be established.
Perhaps more importantly, the simple act of secession also creates a seconds polity, which automatically competes with its neighbours. It is a funamental truth of economics that competition drives down prices and drives up quality. Hoppe explains what this has historically meant in a European context:
Hence, the argument that the Kurds should not be allowed to secede because they are "communist" is essentially ludicrous. Secession itself will ultimately benefit all involved parties, and if secession becomes standard practice, the vastly increased 'competition of nations' will make communism itself impossible to maintain. Communist statelets will simply be unable to compete.
Finally, the reasoning that secession of "communists" should be prevented because this would trap non-communist Kurds within a communist state is inconsistent and illogical. Anyone who only supports the secession of any region when freedom in that region will increase as a result (and refuses to endorse secession when freedom in the seceding region will decline) is not thinking logically.
Let us consider state A, consisting of provinces B and C. now imagine that B is very freedom-loving, whereas C is very collectivist and totalitarian. they both influence the politics and culture of A, which ends of rather moderate. Now imagine someone supporting the secession of B, because this will lead B to enjoy greater freedom... but opposing the secession of C, because this will cause C to become less free.
This makes no sense. If B secedes and becomes more free, A consists only of C, and becomes less free... which is the exact result of C's own secession! And if C secedes and becomes less free, A consists only of B and becomes more free... the same result as in the case of B's secession!
We are drawn to the inevitable conclusion that almost all secessions will result in either the seceding territory becoming more free and the remnant becoming less so... or the exact reverse. Yet in any case, as Hoppe has explained, secession ultimately increases competition between states and thus aids liberty everywhere. Therefore, secession, regardless of the ideology of the secessionists, is a good thing and ought to be supported by freedom-loving individuals. In the words of Hoppe:
A very strong case indeed. One might go so far as to call it irrefutable. Therefore, the Kurds ought to be supported in their struggle for independence. And if the communist Kurds currently living in Turkey form one Kurdish state, and the non-communist Kurds in northern Iraq and syria form a separate state of their own... so much the better! The more competing territories, the greater everyone's share of freedom will ultimately be. In the past, this has worked wonders for Europe. The same applies to the Middle East. Let several Kurdish states emerge! A Yazidi state; a Druze state; an Assyrian state; an Aramaic state; a Lebanese Greek state; a Circassian state... etc. etc.
One may go on forever, splitting the large, artificial states of the present day into smaller and smaller autonomous communities. One may go on forever, but first one must commence. An independent Kurdistan would be an excellent start.
The Facebook thread discussing this article may be found here.
Maybe an elementary lesson in history would benefit them. One might consider, for instance, that if Turkey had let the Kurds go on their merry way to indepence long ago, the communist revolutionary nonsense would never have had any appeal to the Kurds at all. Beyond that, it's a simple fact that the Kurds (who have no ethnic or linguistic relation to the Turks) don't want to be a part of Turkey. Even if they want to be communist (and I wouldn't advise it), it's still their own damn business. Turkey has occupied Kurdish land for far too long, and putting an end to that immoral occupation is simply a matter of respecting the fundamental right to self-determination.
This whole mess is the fault of Turkish imperialism in the first place. Personally, I remain convinced that at the end of World War One, both the Kurdish areas in the east of Anatolia and the Greek areas in the west ought to have been freed from Turkish rule. Instead, the Turks were allowed to continue to oppress the Kurdish people, and even to expell the Hellenes from Anatolia (where they had lived for thousands of years, long before the invading Turkish hordes ever stirred from their barbarian tents in East Asia). Civilised people ought to condemn these mistakes of history, as well as the sorry situation that has emerged as their result. Civilised people ought to support a free Kurdistan, and perhaps—just perhaps—they ought to give some consideration to the question wether the world would not be better off if 'Istanbul' would still be known as 'Constantinople'.
History clearly condemns the Turkish state, and puts the Kurds in the right. Yet even if one ignores all this, the secession of the Kurdish regions of Anatolia would still be a very good idea. Secession is always desirable, because it always improves the situation. This has been explained perfectly by professor Hans-Hermann Hoppe, who should perhaps be considered the greatest living thinker within the liberty movement. Writes Hoppe:
Forced integration invariably creates tension, hatred and conflict. In conflict voluntary separation leads to harmony and peace. Through secession hegemonic domestic relations are replaced by contractual – mutually beneficial – foreign relations. Rather than promoting a downward leveling of cultures, as under forced integration, secession stimulates a cooperative process of cultural selection and advancement.
That is to say: as long as the Turkish regime (or any regime) forcibly keeps the Kurdish people (or any unwilling people) enchained within the confines of its imperialist state, that state will suffer from internal strife. This benefits absolutely no-one, and as the conflict escales, it will actually demand a very high toll; in lives, in freedoms, and (if one is heartless and does not care for life or liberty) in wealth. Constantly fighting an internal war costs a lot. By allowing the unwilling people to secede, relations can be normalised, costs can be avoided, and profitable trade relations can be established.
Perhaps more importantly, the simple act of secession also creates a seconds polity, which automatically competes with its neighbours. It is a funamental truth of economics that competition drives down prices and drives up quality. Hoppe explains what this has historically meant in a European context:
Contrary to the political orthodoxy of the contemporary Eurocrats, precisely the fact that Europe posessed a highly decentralised power structure of countless independent political units explains the origin of capitalism – the expansion of market participation and of economic growth – in the Western world. It is not by accident that freedom and prosperity first flourished under conditions of extreme political decentralisation: in the northern Italian city states, in southern Germany, and in the secessionist Low Countries.
It is assumed that larger political units – and ultimately a single world government – imply wider markets and hence increased wealth. However, this is untrue. The larger the territories the lower a government’s incentive to continue its domestic liberalism will be because people will lose the possibility of voting with their feet.
Hence, the argument that the Kurds should not be allowed to secede because they are "communist" is essentially ludicrous. Secession itself will ultimately benefit all involved parties, and if secession becomes standard practice, the vastly increased 'competition of nations' will make communism itself impossible to maintain. Communist statelets will simply be unable to compete.
Finally, the reasoning that secession of "communists" should be prevented because this would trap non-communist Kurds within a communist state is inconsistent and illogical. Anyone who only supports the secession of any region when freedom in that region will increase as a result (and refuses to endorse secession when freedom in the seceding region will decline) is not thinking logically.
Let us consider state A, consisting of provinces B and C. now imagine that B is very freedom-loving, whereas C is very collectivist and totalitarian. they both influence the politics and culture of A, which ends of rather moderate. Now imagine someone supporting the secession of B, because this will lead B to enjoy greater freedom... but opposing the secession of C, because this will cause C to become less free.
This makes no sense. If B secedes and becomes more free, A consists only of C, and becomes less free... which is the exact result of C's own secession! And if C secedes and becomes less free, A consists only of B and becomes more free... the same result as in the case of B's secession!
We are drawn to the inevitable conclusion that almost all secessions will result in either the seceding territory becoming more free and the remnant becoming less so... or the exact reverse. Yet in any case, as Hoppe has explained, secession ultimately increases competition between states and thus aids liberty everywhere. Therefore, secession, regardless of the ideology of the secessionists, is a good thing and ought to be supported by freedom-loving individuals. In the words of Hoppe:
Throughout the entire period of European and, indeed, global unification we have witnessed a steady and dramatic growth of government power, taxation and regulatory expropriation. In the light of social and economic theory and history a very strong case can be made for secession.
A very strong case indeed. One might go so far as to call it irrefutable. Therefore, the Kurds ought to be supported in their struggle for independence. And if the communist Kurds currently living in Turkey form one Kurdish state, and the non-communist Kurds in northern Iraq and syria form a separate state of their own... so much the better! The more competing territories, the greater everyone's share of freedom will ultimately be. In the past, this has worked wonders for Europe. The same applies to the Middle East. Let several Kurdish states emerge! A Yazidi state; a Druze state; an Assyrian state; an Aramaic state; a Lebanese Greek state; a Circassian state... etc. etc.
One may go on forever, splitting the large, artificial states of the present day into smaller and smaller autonomous communities. One may go on forever, but first one must commence. An independent Kurdistan would be an excellent start.
The Facebook thread discussing this article may be found here.
donderdag 3 september 2015
Het belang van rechtspersoonlijkheid
Het is een opvallend (en storend) fenomeen: mensen binnen de libertarische beweging die ageren tegen het bestaan van rechtspersonen. Die mensen vinden rechtspersoonlijkheid maar een door de overheid opgezet idee om corrupte ondernemers hun verantwoordelijkheid te laten kunnen ontlopen. Niet verrassend komt deze hetze uit "links-libertarische" kringen.
Juist, ja. De mensen die tegen rechtspersonen zijn begrijpen dus totaal niet dat juist het concept van de rechtspersoonlijkheid de basis is geweest van het enorme economische succes van de Westerse wereld. De uitvinding van het idee 'rechtspersoon' is, durf ik te stellen, belangrijker geweest voor de industriële revolutie dan de stoommachine.
Rechtspersoonlijkheid stelt een organisatie met meerdere eigenaren of aandeelhouders in staat om beheerd te worden door een dagelijks bestuur, zodat de boel daadwerkelijk kan functioneren. Zonder rechtspersoonlijkheid is het onmogelijk om een beursgenoteerd bedrijf te hebben. Iedere actie (tot en met het bestellen van paperclips!) vereist dan de handtekening van iedere aandeelhouder! Stel je Apple of Microsoft even voor als dat het geval zou zijn…
Bovendien is rechtspersoonlijkheid ook een mogelijkheid voor aandeelhouders om hun persoonlijke vermogen los te koppelen van hun aandeelhouderschap. Derhalve kunnen zij hun eigen persoon en vermogen afschermen tegen bepaalde financiële en juridische risico’s die worden genomen door de rechtspersoon waarin zij een aandeel hebben. Deze afscherming zorgt ervoor dat mensen daadwerkelijk bereid zijn te investeren in ondernemingen. Als iedere aandeelhouder persoonlijk verantwoordelijk gehouden kan en zal worden voor alles dat een bedrijf doet (ook al heeft hij daar zelf nooit een hand in gehad), zal niemand ooit nog één aandeel kopen.
Het is op dit moment zeker zo dat het te gemakkelijk is om misstanden af te schuiven op de rechtspersoon, en zelf lachend naar de bank te kuieren. Daar mag best verandering in komen. Zodra er wordt geknoeid moeten de mensen binnen de organisatie die foute dingen hebben gedaan gewoon gestraft worden.
Maar het idee van de rechtspersoon totaal afschaffen? Dat is volstrekte waanzin, en heeft met libertarisme geen fluit te maken.
De Facebookdiscussie over dit artikel is hier te vinden.
Juist, ja. De mensen die tegen rechtspersonen zijn begrijpen dus totaal niet dat juist het concept van de rechtspersoonlijkheid de basis is geweest van het enorme economische succes van de Westerse wereld. De uitvinding van het idee 'rechtspersoon' is, durf ik te stellen, belangrijker geweest voor de industriële revolutie dan de stoommachine.
Rechtspersoonlijkheid stelt een organisatie met meerdere eigenaren of aandeelhouders in staat om beheerd te worden door een dagelijks bestuur, zodat de boel daadwerkelijk kan functioneren. Zonder rechtspersoonlijkheid is het onmogelijk om een beursgenoteerd bedrijf te hebben. Iedere actie (tot en met het bestellen van paperclips!) vereist dan de handtekening van iedere aandeelhouder! Stel je Apple of Microsoft even voor als dat het geval zou zijn…
Bovendien is rechtspersoonlijkheid ook een mogelijkheid voor aandeelhouders om hun persoonlijke vermogen los te koppelen van hun aandeelhouderschap. Derhalve kunnen zij hun eigen persoon en vermogen afschermen tegen bepaalde financiële en juridische risico’s die worden genomen door de rechtspersoon waarin zij een aandeel hebben. Deze afscherming zorgt ervoor dat mensen daadwerkelijk bereid zijn te investeren in ondernemingen. Als iedere aandeelhouder persoonlijk verantwoordelijk gehouden kan en zal worden voor alles dat een bedrijf doet (ook al heeft hij daar zelf nooit een hand in gehad), zal niemand ooit nog één aandeel kopen.
Het is op dit moment zeker zo dat het te gemakkelijk is om misstanden af te schuiven op de rechtspersoon, en zelf lachend naar de bank te kuieren. Daar mag best verandering in komen. Zodra er wordt geknoeid moeten de mensen binnen de organisatie die foute dingen hebben gedaan gewoon gestraft worden.
Maar het idee van de rechtspersoon totaal afschaffen? Dat is volstrekte waanzin, en heeft met libertarisme geen fluit te maken.
De Facebookdiscussie over dit artikel is hier te vinden.
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